United Nations Children’s Fund, World Health Organization, World Bank. UNICEF-WHO-World Bank: Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates (JME)-2023 edition interactive dashboard. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF); 2023. Available from: https://data.unicef.org/resources/unicef-who-world-bank-joint-child-malnutrition-estimates-2023-edition-interactive-dashboard-2/.
Perin J, Mulick A, Yeung D, Villavicencio F, Lopez G, Strong KL, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000–19: an updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2022;6:106–15.
Black RE, Victora CG, Walker SP, Bhutta ZA, Christian P, de Onis M, et al. Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet. 2013;382:427–51.
Schlaudecker EP, Steinhoff MC, Moore SR. Interactions of diarrhea, pneumonia, and malnutrition in childhood: recent evidence from developing countries. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2011;24:496–502.
Ibrahim MK, Zambruni M, Melby CL, Melby PC. Impact of Childhood Malnutrition on Host Defense and Infection. Clinical Microbiol Rev. 2017;30:919–71.
Mutumba R, Pesu H, Mbabazi J, Greibe E, Olsen MF, Briend A, et al. Correlates of Iron, Cobalamin, Folate, and Vitamin A Status among Stunted Children: A Cross-Sectional Study in Uganda. Nutrients. 2023;15:3429.
Prendergast AJ, Humphrey JH. The stunting syndrome in developing countries. Paediatrics Int Child Health. 2014;34:250–65.
Checkley W, Buckley G, Gilman RH, Assis AM, Guerrant RL, Morris SS, et al. Multi-country analysis of the effects of diarrhoea on childhood stunting. Int J Epidemiol. 2008;37:816–30.
Gibson RS, Bailey KB, Gibbs M, Ferguson EL. A review of phytate, iron, zinc, and calcium concentrations in plant-based complementary foods used in low-income countries and implications for bioavailability. Food Nutr Bull. 2010;31:S134–46.
López-Moreno M, Garcés-Rimón M, Miguel M. Antinutrients: Lectins, goitrogens, phytates and oxalates, friends or foe?. J Funct Foods. 2022;89:104938.
Miller V, Reedy J, Cudhea F, Zhang J, Shi P, Erndt-Marino J, et al. Global, regional, and national consumption of animal-source foods between 1990 and 2018: findings from the Global Dietary Database. Lancet Planet health. 2022;6:e243–e56.
Beal T, Gardner CD, Herrero M, Iannotti LL, Merbold L, Nordhagen S, et al. Friend or Foe? The Role of Animal-Source Foods in Healthy and Environmentally Sustainable Diets. J Nutr. 2023;153:409–25.
Munteanu C, Schwartz B. The relationship between nutrition and the immune system. Front Nutr. 2022;9:1082500.
Huybregts L, Houngbé F, Salpéteur C, Brown R, Roberfroid D, Ait-Aissa M, et al. The Effect of Adding Ready-to-Use Supplementary Food to a General Food Distribution on Child Nutritional Status and Morbidity: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. PLOS Med. 2012;9:e1001313.
Luby SP, Rahman M, Arnold BF, Unicomb L, Ashraf S, Winch PJ, et al. Effects of water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on diarrhoea and child growth in rural Bangladesh: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6:e302–e15.
Smuts CM, Matsungo TM, Malan L, Kruger HS, Rothman M, Kvalsvig JD, et al. Effect of small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements on growth, psychomotor development, iron status, and morbidity among 6- to 12-mo-old infants in South Africa: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;109:55–68.
Unger SA, Drammeh S, Hasan J, Ceesay K, Sinjanka E, Beyai S, et al. Impact of fortified versus unfortified lipid-based supplements on morbidity and nutritional status: A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial in ill Gambian children. PLOS Med. 2017;14:e1002377.
Mangani C, Ashorn P, Maleta K, Phuka J, Thakwalakwa C, Dewey K, et al. Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplements Do Not Affect the Risk of Malaria or Respiratory Morbidity in 6- to 18-Month-Old Malawian Children in a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr. 2014;144:1835–42.
Bendabenda J, Alho L, Ashorn U, Cheung YB, Dewey KG, Vosti SA, et al. The effect of providing lipid-based nutrient supplements on morbidity in rural Malawian infants and young children: a randomized controlled trial. Public Health Nutr. 2016;19:1893–903.
Barbosa-Silva MC, Barros AJ. Bioelectrical impedance analysis in clinical practice: a new perspective on its use beyond body composition equations. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2005;8:311–7.
Norman K, Stobäus N, Pirlich M, Bosy-Westphal A. Bioelectrical phase angle and impedance vector analysis-clinical relevance and applicability of impedance parameters. Clin Nutr. 2012;31:854–61.
Da Silva BR, Orsso CE, Gonzalez MC, Sicchieri JMF, Mialich MS, Jordao AA, et al. Phase angle and cellular health: inflammation and oxidative damage. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2023;24:543–62.
Mbabazi J, Pesu H, Mutumba R, Filteau S, Lewis JI, Wells JC, et al. Effect of milk protein and whey permeate in large quantity lipid-based nutrient supplement on linear growth and body composition among stunted children: A randomized 2 × 2 factorial trial in Uganda. PLOS Med. 2023;20:e1004227.
Erhardt JG, Estes JE, Pfeiffer CM, Biesalski HK, Craft NE. Combined measurement of ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, retinol binding protein, and C-reactive protein by an inexpensive, sensitive, and simple sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. J Nutr. 2004;134:3127–32.
Leroy J. ZSCORE06: Stata module to calculate anthropometric z-scores using the 2006 WHO child growth standards. Boston College Department of Economics: Statistical Software Components; 2011.
Null C, Stewart CP, Pickering AJ, Dentz HN, Arnold BF, Arnold CD, et al. Effects of water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on diarrhoea and child growth in rural Kenya: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6:e316–e29.
Adu-Afarwuah S, Young RR, Lartey A, Okronipa H, Ashorn P, Ashorn U, et al. Supplementation with Small-Quantity Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplements Does Not Increase Child Morbidity in a Semiurban Setting in Ghana: A Secondary Outcome Noninferiority Analysis of the International Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplements (iLiNS)–DYAD Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr. 2020;150:382–93.
Nyeko R, Kalyesubula I, Mworozi E, Bachou H. Lactose intolerance among severely malnourished children with diarrhoea admitted to the nutrition unit, Mulago hospital, Uganda. BMC Pediatr. 2010;10:31.
Grenov B, Briend A, Sangild PT, Thymann T, Rytter MH, Hother AL, et al. Undernourished Children and Milk Lactose. Food Nutr Bull. 2016;37:85–99.
Jaeggi T, Kortman GAM, Moretti D, Chassard C, Holding P, Dostal A, et al. Iron fortification adversely affects the gut microbiome, increases pathogen abundance and induces intestinal inflammation in Kenyan infants. Gut. 2015;64:731–42.
Paganini D, Zimmermann MB. The effects of iron fortification and supplementation on the gut microbiome and diarrhea in infants and children: a review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106:1688s–93s.
Lapić I, Padoan A, Bozzato D, Plebani M. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate and C-Reactive Protein in Acute Inflammation: Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies. Am J Clin Pathol. 2019;153:14–29.
Raiten DJ, Ashour FAS, Ross AC, Meydani SN, Dawson HD, Stephensen CB, et al. Inflammation and Nutritional Science for Programs/Policies and Interpretation of Research Evidence (INSPIRE)1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5. J Nutr. 2015;145:1039S–108S.
Thurnham D. Interactions between nutrition and immune function: Using inflammation biomarkers to interpret micronutrient status. Proc Nutr Soc. 2013;73:1–8.
Syed S, Manji KP, McDonald CM, Kisenge R, Aboud S, Sudfeld C, et al. Biomarkers of Systemic Inflammation and Growth in Early Infancy are Associated with Stunting in Young Tanzanian Children. Nutrients. 2018;10:1158.
DeBoer MD, Scharf RJ, Leite AM, Férrer A, Havt A, Pinkerton R, et al. Systemic inflammation, growth factors, and linear growth in the setting of infection and malnutrition. Nutrition. 2017;33:248–53.
Kyle UG, Bosaeus I, De Lorenzo AD, Deurenberg P, Elia M, Gómez JM, et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysis-part I: review of principles and methods. Clin Nutr. 2004;23:1226–43.
Christaki EV, Pervanidou P, Papassotiriou I, Bastaki D, Valavani E, Mantzou A, et al. Stress, Inflammation and Metabolic Biomarkers Are Associated with Body Composition Measures in Lean, Overweight, and Obese Children and Adolescents. Children. 2022;9:291.
Mathai JK, Liu Y, Stein HH. Values for digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS) for some dairy and plant proteins may better describe protein quality than values calculated using the concept for protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores (PDCAAS). Br J Nutr. 2017;117:490–9.
Lin T, Meletharayil G, Kapoor R, Abbaspourrad A. Bioactives in bovine milk: chemistry, technology, and applications. Nutr Rev. 2021;79:48–69.
Samtiya M, Samtiya S, Badgujar PC, Puniya AK, Dhewa T, Aluko RE. Health-Promoting and Therapeutic Attributes of Milk-Derived Bioactive Peptides. Nutrients. 2022;14:3001.
Wells JCK, Williams JE, Quek RY, Fewtrell MS. Bio-electrical impedance vector analysis: testing Piccoli’s model against objective body composition data in children and adolescents. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2019;73:887–95.
Pickering AJ, Null C, Winch PJ, Mangwadu G, Arnold BF, Prendergast AJ, et al. The WASH Benefits and SHINE trials: interpretation of WASH intervention effects on linear growth and diarrhoea. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7:e1139–e46.
